Publications

@article{west2019gate,

title = {Gate-based single-shot readout of spins in silicon},

author = {Anderson West and Bas Hensen and Alexis Jouan and Tuomo Tanttu and Chih-Hwan Yang and Alessandro Rossi and M Fernando Gonzalez-Zalba and Fay Hudson and Andrea Morello and David J Reilly and others},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Nature nanotechnology},

volume = {14},

number = {5},

pages = {437--441},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{waddington2019phase,

title = {Phase-encoded hyperpolarized nanodiamond for magnetic resonance imaging},

author = {David EJ Waddington and Thomas Boele and Ewa Rej and Dane R McCamey and Nicholas JC King and Torsten Gaebel and David J Reilly},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Scientific reports},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

pages = {5950},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{yang2019cryo,

title = {Cryo-CMOS band-gap reference circuits for quantum computing},

author = {Yuanyuan Yang and Kushal Das and Alireza Moini and David J Reilly},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01217},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bosco2019transmission,

title = {Transmission lines and metamaterials based on quantum hall plasmonics},

author = {Stefano Bosco and David P DiVincenzo and David J Reilly},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Applied},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

pages = {014030},

publisher = {APS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{sharma2019enhancement,

title = {Enhancement of nuclear spin coherence times by driving dynamic nuclear polarization at defect centers in solids},

author = {Girish Sharma and Torsten Gaebel and Ewa Rej and David J Reilly and Sophia E Economou and Edwin Barnes},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review B},

volume = {99},

number = {20},

pages = {205423},

publisher = {APS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pauka2019cryogenic,

title = {A cryogenic interface for controlling many qubits},

author = {SJ Pauka and K Das and R Kalra and A Moini and Y Yang and M Trainer and A Bousquet and C Cantaloube and N Dick and GC Gardner and others},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.01299},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{croot2019gate,

title = {Gate-sensing charge pockets in the semiconductor-qubit environment},

author = {XG Croot and SJ Pauka and MC Jarratt and H Lu and AC Gossard and JD Watson and GC Gardner and S Fallahi and MJ Manfra and DJ Reilly},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Applied},

volume = {11},

number = {6},

pages = {064027},

publisher = {APS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hempel.2018,

title = {Quantum Chemistry Calculations on a Trapped-Ion Quantum Simulator},

author = {Cornelius Hempel and Christine Maier and Jonathan Romero and Jarrod McClean and Thomas Monz and Heng Shen and Petar Jurcevic and Ben P Lanyon and Peter Love and Ryan Babbush and Alán Aspuru-Guzik and Rainer Blatt and Christian F Roos},

url = {https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.031022},

doi = {10.1103/physrevx.8.031022},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review X},

volume = {8},

number = {3},

pages = {031022},

abstract = {Quantum-classical hybrid algorithms are emerging as promising candidates for near-term practical applications of quantum information processors in a wide variety of fields ranging from chemistry to physics and materials science. We report on the experimental implementation of such an algorithm to solve a quantum chemistry problem, using a digital quantum simulator based on trapped ions. Specifically, we implement the variational quantum eigensolver algorithm to calculate the molecular ground-state energies of two simple molecules and experimentally demonstrate and compare different encoding methods using up to four qubits. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of measurement noise as well as mitigation strategies and indicate the potential for adaptive implementations focused on reaching chemical accuracy, which may serve as a cross-platform benchmark for multiqubit quantum simulators.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gupta.2018,

title = {Machine Learning for Predictive Estimation of Qubit Dynamics Subject to Dephasing},

author = {Riddhi Swaroop Gupta and Michael J Biercuk},

url = {https://journals.aps.org/prapplied/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.9.064042?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=prapplied-alert},

doi = {10.1103/physrevapplied.9.064042},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Applied},

volume = {9},

number = {6},

pages = {064042},

abstract = {Decoherence remains a major challenge in quantum computing hardware, and a variety of physical-layer controls provide opportunities to mitigate the impact of this phenomenon through feedback and feed-forward control. In this work, we compare a variety of machine-learning algorithms derived from diverse fields for the task of state estimation (retrodiction) and forward prediction of future qubit-state evolution for a single qubit subject to classical, non-Markovian dephasing. Our approaches involve the construction of a dynamical model capturing qubit dynamics via autoregressive or Fourier-type protocols using only a historical record of projective measurements. A detailed comparison of achievable prediction horizons, model robustness, and measurement-noise-filtering capabilities for Kalman filters (KFs) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) algorithms is provided. We demonstrate superior performance from the autoregressive KF relative to Fourier-based KF approaches and focus on the role of filter optimization in achieving suitable performance. Finally, we examine several realizations of GPR using different kernels and discover that these approaches are generally not suitable for forward prediction. We highlight the linkages between predictive performance and kernel structure, and we identify ways in which forward predictions are susceptible to numerical artifacts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mavadia.2018,

title = {Experimental quantum verification in the presence of temporally correlated noise},

author = {S Mavadia and C L Edmunds and C Hempel and H Ball and F Roy and T M Stace and M J Biercuk},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-017-0052-0},

doi = {10.1038/s41534-017-0052-0},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {npj Quantum Information},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

pages = {7},

abstract = {Growth in the capabilities of quantum information hardware mandates access to techniques for performance verification that function under realistic laboratory conditions. Here we experimentally characterise the impact of common temporally correlated noise processes on both randomised benchmarking (RB) and gate-set tomography (GST). Our analysis highlights the role of sequence structure in enhancing or suppressing the sensitivity of quantum verification protocols to either slowly or rapidly varying noise, which we treat in the limiting cases of quasi-DC miscalibration and white noise power spectra. We perform experiments with a single trapped 171Yb+ ion-qubit and inject engineered noise ∝σtextasciicircumz to probe protocol performance. Experiments on RB validate predictions that measured fidelities over sequences are described by a gamma distribution varying between approximately Gaussian, and a broad, highly skewed distribution for rapidly and slowly varying noise, respectively. Similarly we find a strong gate set dependence of default experimental GST procedures in the presence of correlated errors, leading to significant deviations between estimated and calculated diamond distances in the presence of correlated σtextasciicircumz errors. Numerical simulations demonstrate that expansion of the gate set to include negative rotations can suppress these discrepancies and increase reported diamond distances by orders of magnitude for the same error processes. Similar effects do not occur for correlated σtextasciicircumx or σtextasciicircumy errors or depolarising noise processes, highlighting the impact of the critical interplay of selected gate set and the gauge optimisation process on the meaning of the reported diamond norm in correlated noise environments. Experiments reveal that the presence of correlated noise may compromise the interpretation of techniques for the validation of quantum hardware. A team led by Michael Biercuk at Australia’s University of Sydney and National Measurement Institute, carried out experiments on a single trapped 171Yb+ ion to test the reliability of widespread techniques for characterisation, validation and verification of quantum hardware. Although error processes are often assumed to be statistically independent, in practice slowly varying external fields may introduce temporal correlations in noise. The experiments revealed that the outcome of randomised benchmarking and gate-set tomography differ substantially in presence of correlated noise, and reveal an unexpected sequence-dependent behaviour. These results demonstrate that the reliability of standard performance benchmarking techniques is strongly influenced by the statistical properties of the noise affecting the hardware, complicating direct comparisons between experiments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tuckett.2018,

title = {Ultrahigh Error Threshold for Surface Codes with Biased Noise},

author = {David K Tuckett and Stephen D Bartlett and Steven T Flammia},

url = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.050505?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=prl-alert},

doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.120.050505},

issn = {0031-9007},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Letters},

volume = {120},

number = {5},

pages = {050505},

abstract = {We show that a simple modification of the surface code can exhibit an enormous gain in the error correction threshold for a noise model in which Pauli Z errors occur more frequently than X or Y errors. Such biased noise, where dephasing dominates, is ubiquitous in many quantum architectures. In the limit of pure dephasing noise we find a threshold of 43.7(1)% using a tensor network decoder proposed by Bravyi, Suchara, and Vargo. The threshold remains surprisingly large in the regime of realistic noise bias ratios, for example 28.2(2)% at a bias of 10. The performance is, in fact, at or near the hashing bound for all values of the bias. The modified surface code still uses only weight-4 stabilizers on a square lattice, but merely requires measuring products of Y instead of Z around the faces, as this doubles the number of useful syndrome bits associated with the dominant Z errors. Our results demonstrate that large efficiency gains can be found by appropriately tailoring codes and decoders to realistic noise models, even under the locality constraints of topological codes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{morello2018would,

title = {What would you do with 1000 qubits},

author = {Andrea Morello and David Reilly},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Quantum Science and Technology},

volume = {3},

number = {3},

pages = {030201},

publisher = {IOP Publishing},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{croot2018device,

title = {Device architecture for coupling spin qubits via an intermediate quantum state},

author = {XG Croot and SJ Pauka and JD Watson and GC Gardner and S Fallahi and MJ Manfra and DJ Reilly},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Applied},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

pages = {044058},

publisher = {APS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Frey.2017,

title = {Application of optimal band-limited control protocols to quantum noise sensing},

author = {V M Frey and S Mavadia and L M Norris and W de Ferranti and D Lucarelli and L Viola and M J Biercuk},

url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02298-2},

doi = {10.1038/s41467-017-02298-2},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Nature Communications},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {2189},

abstract = {Essential to the functionality of qubit-based sensors are control protocols, which shape their response in frequency space. However, in common control routines out-of-band spectral leakage complicates interpretation of the sensor’s signal. In this work, we leverage discrete prolate spheroidal sequences (a.k.a. Slepian sequences) to synthesize provably optimal narrowband controls ideally suited to spectral estimation of a qubit’s noisy environment. Experiments with trapped ions demonstrate how spectral leakage may be reduced by orders of magnitude over conventional controls when a near resonant driving field is modulated by Slepians, and how the desired narrowband sensitivity may be tuned using concepts from RF engineering. We demonstrate that classical multitaper techniques for spectral analysis can be ported to the quantum domain and combined with Bayesian estimation tools to experimentally reconstruct complex noise spectra. We then deploy these techniques to identify previously immeasurable frequency-resolved amplitude noise in our qubit’s microwave synthesis chain. Control of qubits’ frequency response by dynamical decoupling is usually vexed by control’s out-of-band harmonics, a problem known in metrology as “spectral leakage”. Here, the authors reduce this problem by orders of magnitude exploiting discrete prolate spheroidal sequences to control a trapped-ion qubit.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bermudez.20174vd,

title = {Assessing the Progress of Trapped-Ion Processors Towards Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation},

author = {A Bermudez and X Xu and R Nigmatullin and J O’Gorman and V Negnevitsky and P Schindler and T Monz and U G Poschinger and C Hempel and J Home and F Schmidt-Kaler and M Biercuk and R Blatt and S Benjamin and M Müller},

url = {https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.7.041061},

doi = {10.1103/physrevx.7.041061},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review X},

volume = {7},

number = {4},

pages = {041061},

abstract = {A quantitative assessment of the progress of small prototype quantum processors towards fault-tolerant quantum computation is a problem of current interest in experimental and theoretical quantum information science. We introduce a necessary and fair criterion for quantum error correction (QEC), which must be achieved in the development of these quantum processors before their sizes are sufficiently big to consider the well-known QEC threshold. We apply this criterion to benchmark the ongoing effort in implementing QEC with topological color codes using trapped-ion quantum processors and, more importantly, to guide the future hardware developments that will be required in order to demonstrate beneficial QEC with small topological quantum codes. In doing so, we present a thorough description of a realistic trapped-ion toolbox for QEC and a physically motivated error model that goes beyond standard simplifications in the QEC literature. We focus on laser-based quantum gates realized in two-species trapped-ion crystals in high-optical aperture segmented traps. Our large-scale numerical analysis shows that, with the foreseen technological improvements described here, this platform is a very promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mavadia.2017,

title = {Prediction and real-time compensation of qubit decoherence via machine learning},

author = {Sandeep Mavadia and Virginia Frey and Jarrah Sastrawan and Stephen Dona and Michael J Biercuk},

doi = {10.1038/ncomms14106},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Nature Communications},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {14106},

abstract = {The wide-ranging adoption of quantum technologies requires practical, high-performance advances in our ability to maintain quantum coherence while facing the challenge of state collapse under measurement. Here we use techniques from control theory and machine learning to predict the future evolution of a qubit’s state; we deploy this information to suppress stochastic, semiclassical decoherence, even when access to measurements is limited. First, we implement a time-division multiplexed approach, interleaving measurement periods with periods of unsupervised but stabilised operation during which qubits are available, for example, in quantum information experiments. Second, we employ predictive feedback during sequential but time delayed measurements to reduce the Dick effect as encountered in passive frequency standards. Both experiments demonstrate significant improvements in qubit-phase stability over ‘traditional’ measurement-based feedback approaches by exploiting time domain correlations in the noise processes. This technique requires no additional hardware and is applicable to all two-level quantum systems where projective measurements are possible. Control engineering techniques are promising for realizing stable quantum systems to counter their extreme fragility. Here the authors use techniques from machine learning to enable real-time feedback suppression of decoherence in a trapped ion qubit by predicting its future stochastic evolution.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Marciniak.2017,

title = {Towards fully commercial, UV-compatible fiber patch cords},

author = {Christian D Marciniak and Harrison B Ball and Alex T -H Hung and Michael J Biercuk},

doi = {10.1364/oe.25.015643},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Optics Express},

volume = {25},

number = {14},

pages = {15643},

abstract = {We present and analyze two pathways to produce commercial optical-fiber patch cords with stable long-term transmission in the ultraviolet (UV) at powers up to textbackslashtextasciitilde 200 mW, and typical bulk transmission between 66-75 %. Commercial fiber patch cords in the UV are of great interest across a wide variety of scientific applications ranging from biology to metrology, and the lack of availability has yet to be suitably addressed. We provide a guide to producing such solarization-resistant, hydrogen-passivated, polarization-maintaining, connectorized and jacketed optical fibers compatible with demanding scientific and industrial applications. Our presentation describes the fabrication and hydrogen loading procedure in detail and presents a high-pressure vessel design, calculations of required H2 loading times, and information on patch cord handling and the mitigation of bending sensitivities. Transmission at 313 nm is measured over many months for cumulative energy on the fiber output of > 10 kJ with no demonstrable degradation due to UV solarization, in contrast to standard uncured fibers. Polarization sensitivity and stability are characterized yielding polarization extinction ratios between 15 dB and 25 dB at 313 nm, where we find patch cords become linearly polarizing. We observe that particle deposition at the fiber facet induced by high-intensity UV exposure can (reversibly) deteriorate patch cord performance and describe a technique for nitrogen purging of fiber collimators which mitigates this phenomenon.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Robertson.2017,

title = {Tailored Codes for Small Quantum Memories},

author = {Alan Robertson and Christopher Granade and Stephen D Bartlett and Steven T Flammia},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Applied},

volume = {8},

number = {6},

pages = {064004 EP --},

abstract = {We demonstrate that small quantum memories, realized via quantum error correction in multi-qubit devices, can benefit substantially by choosing a quantum code that is tailored to the relevant error model of the system. For a biased noise model, with independent bit and phase flips occurring at different rates, we show that a single code greatly outperforms the well-studied Steane code across the full range of parameters of the noise model, including for unbiased noise. In fact, this tailored code performs almost optimally when compared with 10,000 randomly selected stabilizer codes of comparable experimental complexity. Tailored codes can even outperform the Steane code with realistic experimental noise, and without any increase in the experimental complexity, as we demonstrate by comparison in the observed error model in a recent 7-qubit trapped ion experiment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rej2017hyperpolarized,

title = {Hyperpolarized nanodiamond surfaces},

author = {Ewa Rej and Torsten Gaebel and David EJ Waddington and David J Reilly},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},

volume = {139},

number = {1},

pages = {193--199},

publisher = {ACS Publications},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{mahoney2017zero,

title = {Zero-field edge plasmons in a magnetic topological insulator},

author = {Alice C Mahoney and James I Colless and Lucas Peeters and Sebastian J Pauka and Eli J Fox and Xufeng Kou and Lei Pan and Kang L Wang and David Goldhaber-Gordon and David J Reilly},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Nature communications},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1836},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{waddington2017nanodiamond,

title = {Nanodiamond-enhanced MRI via in situ hyperpolarization},

author = {David EJ Waddington and Mathieu Sarracanie and Huiliang Zhang and Najat Salameh and David R Glenn and Ewa Rej and Torsten Gaebel and Thomas Boele and Ronald L Walsworth and David J Reilly and others},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Nature communications},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {15118},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{waddington2017nanodiamondb,

title = {Nanodiamond imaging with hyperpolarized 13C MRI},

author = {David EJ Waddington and Thomas Boele and Ewa Rej and Dane R McCamey and Torsten Gaebel and David J Reilly},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Inter. Soc. Mag. Res. Med.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{mahoney2017chip,

title = {On-chip microwave quantum hall circulator},

author = {AC Mahoney and JI Colless and SJ Pauka and JM Hornibrook and JD Watson and GC Gardner and MJ Manfra and AC Doherty and DJ Reilly},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review X},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

pages = {011007},

publisher = {APS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{boele2017nanodiamond,

title = {Nanodiamond-enhanced MRI via in situ hyperpolarization},

author = {Thomas Boele and Torsten Gaebel and David Reilly and Ewa Rej and David Waddington and David Glenn and Matthew Rosen and Najat Salameh and Mathieu Sarracanie and Ronald Walsworth and others},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gaebel2017hyperpolarized,

title = {Hyperpolarized nanodiamond surfaces},

author = {Torsten Gaebel and David Reilly and Ewa Rej and David Waddington},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

publisher = {American Chemical Society},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{colless2017zero,

title = {Zero-field edge plasmons in a magnetic topological insulator},

author = {James Colless and Alice Charlotte Mahoney and Sebastian Pauka and David Reilly and Eli J Fox and David Goldhaber-Gordon and Xufeng Kou and Lei Pan and Lucas Peeters and Kang L Wang},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ball.2016lq8,

title = {The role of master clock stability in quantum information processing},

author = {Harrison Ball and William D Oliver and Michael J Biercuk},

url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/npjqi201633?WT.ec_id=NPJQI-201611&spMailingID=52876976&spUserID=MTc5OTg2NTM4NTc4S0&spJobID=1048210951&spReportId=MTA0ODIxMDk1MQS2},

doi = {10.1038/npjqi.2016.33},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {npj Quantum Information},

volume = {2},

number = {1},

pages = {16033},

abstract = {Experimentalists seeking to improve the coherent lifetimes of quantum bits have generally focused on mitigating decoherence mechanisms through, for example, improvements to qubit designs and materials, and system isolation from environmental perturbations. In the case of the phase degree of freedom in a quantum superposition, however, the coherence that must be preserved is not solely internal to the qubit, but rather necessarily includes that of the qubit relative to the ‘master clock’ (e.g., a local oscillator) that governs its control system. In this manuscript, we articulate the impact of instabilities in the master clock on qubit phase coherence and provide tools to calculate the contributions to qubit error arising from these processes. We first connect standard oscillator phase-noise metrics to their corresponding qubit dephasing spectral densities. We then use representative lab-grade and performance-grade oscillator specifications to calculate operational fidelity bounds on trapped-ion and superconducting qubits with relatively slow and fast operation times. We discuss the relevance of these bounds for quantum error correction in contemporary experiments and future large-scale quantum information systems, and consider potential means to improve master clock stability.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ball.2016b,

title = {Effect of noise correlations on randomized benchmarking},

author = {Harrison Ball and Thomas M Stace and Steven T Flammia and Michael J Biercuk},

url = {http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.93.022303},

doi = {10.1103/physreva.93.022303},

issn = {2469-9926},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review A},

volume = {93},

number = {2},

pages = {022303},

abstract = {Among the most popular and well-studied quantum characterization, verification, and validation techniques is randomized benchmarking (RB), an important statistical tool used to characterize the performance of physical logic operations useful in quantum information processing. In this work we provide a detailed mathematical treatment of the effect of temporal noise correlations on the outcomes of RB protocols. We provide a fully analytic framework capturing the accumulation of error in RB expressed in terms of a three-dimensional random walk in “Pauli space.” Using this framework we derive the probability density function describing RB outcomes (averaged over noise) for both Markovian and correlated errors, which we show is generally described by a Γ distribution with shape and scale parameters depending on the correlation structure. Long temporal correlations impart large nonvanishing variance and skew in the distribution towards high-fidelity outcomes—consistent with existing experimental data—highlighting potential finite-sampling pitfalls and the divergence of the mean RB outcome from worst-case errors in the presence of noise correlations. We use the filter-transfer function formalism to reveal the underlying reason for these differences in terms of effective coherent averaging of correlated errors in certain random sequences. We conclude by commenting on the impact of these calculations on the utility of single-metric approaches to quantum characterization, verification, and validation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Britton.2016,

title = {Vibration-induced field fluctuations in a superconducting magnet},

author = {J W Britton and J G Bohnet and B C Sawyer and H Uys and M J Biercuk and J J Bollinger},

url = {https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.93.062511},

doi = {10.1103/physreva.93.062511},

issn = {2469-9926},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review A},

volume = {93},

number = {6},

pages = {062511},

abstract = {Superconducting magnets enable precise control of nuclear and electron spins, and are used in experiments that explore biological and condensed-matter systems, and fundamental atomic particles. In high-precision applications, a common view is that slow (<1Hz) drift of the homogeneous magnetic-field limits control and measurement precision. We report on previously undocumented higher-frequency field noise (10–200 Hz) that limits the coherence time of Be+9 electron-spin qubits in the 4.46-T field of a superconducting magnet. We measure a spin-echo T2 coherence time of ∼6ms for the Be+9 electron-spin resonance at 124GHz, limited by part-per-billion fractional fluctuations in the magnet's homogeneous field. Vibration isolation of the magnet improved T2 to ∼50 ms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ball.2016gh5,

title = {Functional Basis for Efficient Physical Layer Classical Control in Quantum Processors},

author = {Harrison Ball and Trung Nguyen and Philip H W Leong and Michael J Biercuk},

url = {http://journals.aps.org/prapplied/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.064009?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=prapplied-alert},

doi = {10.1103/physrevapplied.6.064009},

issn = {2331-7019},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Applied},

volume = {6},

number = {6},

pages = {064009},

abstract = {The rapid progress seen in the development of quantum-coherent devices for information processing has motivated serious consideration of quantum computer architecture and organization. One topic which remains open for investigation and optimization relates to the design of the classical-quantum interface, where control operations on individual qubits are applied according to higher-level algorithms; accommodating competing demands on performance and scalability remains a major outstanding challenge. In this work, we present a resource-efficient, scalable framework for the implementation of embedded physical layer classical controllers for quantum-information systems. Design drivers and key functionalities are introduced, leading to the selection of Walsh functions as an effective functional basis for both programing and controller hardware implementation. This approach leverages the simplicity of real-time Walsh-function generation in classical digital hardware, and the fact that a wide variety of physical layer controls, such as dynamic error suppression, are known to fall within the Walsh family. We experimentally implement a real-time field-programmable-gate-array-based Walsh controller producing Walsh timing signals and Walsh-synthesized analog waveforms appropriate for critical tasks in error-resistant quantum control and noise characterization. These demonstrations represent the first step towards a unified framework for the realization of physical layer controls compatible with large-scale quantum-information processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ball.2015,

title = {Walsh-synthesized noise filters for quantum logic},

author = {Harrison Ball and Michael J Biercuk},

url = {https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-015-0022-4},

doi = {10.1140/epjqt/s40507-015-0022-4},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {EPJ Quantum Technology},

volume = {2},

number = {1},

pages = {11},

abstract = {We study a novel class of open-loop control protocols constructed to perform arbitrary nontrivial single-qubit logic operations robust against time-dependent non-Markovian noise. Amplitude and phase modulation protocols are crafted leveraging insights from functional synthesis and the basis set of Walsh functions. We employ the experimentally validated generalized filter-transfer function formalism in order to find optimized control protocols for target operations in SU(2) by defining a cost function for the filter-transfer function to be minimized through the applied modulation. Our work details the various techniques by which we define and then optimize the filter-synthesis process in the Walsh basis, including the definition of specific analytic design rules which serve to efficiently constrain the available synthesis space. This approach yields modulated-gate constructions consisting of chains of discrete pulse-segments of arbitrary form, whose modulation envelopes possess intrinsic compatibility with digital logic and clocking. We derive novel families of Walsh-modulated noise filters designed to suppress dephasing and coherent amplitude-damping noise, and describe how well-known sequences derived in NMR also fall within the Walsh-synthesis framework. Finally, our work considers the effects of realistic experimental constraints such as limited modulation bandwidth on achievable filter performance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fogarty.2015,

title = {Nonexponential fidelity decay in randomized benchmarking with low-frequency noise},

author = {M A Fogarty and M Veldhorst and R Harper and C H Yang and S D Bartlett and S T Flammia and A S Dzurak},

url = {http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.92.022326},

doi = {10.1103/physreva.92.022326},

issn = {1050-2947},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review A},

volume = {92},

number = {2},

pages = {022326},

abstract = {We show that nonexponential fidelity decays in randomized benchmarking experiments on quantum-dot qubits are consistent with numerical simulations that incorporate low-frequency noise and correspond to a control fidelity that varies slowly with time. By expanding standard randomized benchmarking analysis to this experimental regime, we find that such nonexponential decays are better modeled by multiple exponential decay rates, leading to an instantaneous control fidelity for isotopically purified silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum-dot qubits which is 98.9% when the low-frequency noise causes large detuning but can be as high as 99.9% when the qubit is driven on resonance and system calibrations are favorable. These advances in qubit characterization and validation methods underpin the considerable prospects for silicon as a qubit platform for fault-tolerant quantum computation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rej2015hyperpolarized,

title = {Hyperpolarized nanodiamond with long spin-relaxation times},

author = {Ewa Rej and Torsten Gaebel and Thomas Boele and David EJ Waddington and David J Reilly},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Nature communications},

volume = {6},

number = {1},

pages = {8459},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{reilly2015engineering,

title = {Engineering the quantum-classical interface of solid-state qubits},

author = {David J Reilly},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {npj Quantum Information},

volume = {1},

number = {1},

pages = {1--10},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{hornibrook2015cryogenic,

title = {Cryogenic control architecture for large-scale quantum computing},

author = {JM Hornibrook and JI Colless and ID Conway Lamb and SJ Pauka and H Lu and AC Gossard and JD Watson and GC Gardner and S Fallahi and MJ Manfra and others},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Applied},

volume = {3},

number = {2},

pages = {024010},

publisher = {APS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Green.2015,

title = {Phase-Modulated Decoupling and Error Suppression in Qubit-Oscillator Systems},

author = {Todd J Green and Michael J Biercuk},

url = {https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.120502},

doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.114.120502},

issn = {0031-9007},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Letters},

volume = {114},

number = {12},

pages = {120502},

abstract = {We present a scheme designed to suppress the dominant source of infidelity in entangling gates between quantum systems coupled through intermediate bosonic oscillator modes. Such systems are particularly susceptible to residual qubit-oscillator entanglement at the conclusion of a gate period that reduces the fidelity of the target entangling operation. We demonstrate how the exclusive use of discrete shifts in the phase of the field moderating the qubit-oscillator interaction is sufficient to both ensure multiple oscillator modes are decoupled and to suppress the effects of fluctuations in the driving field. This approach is amenable to a wide variety of technical implementations including geometric phase gates in superconducting qubits and the Molmer-Sorensen gate for trapped ions. We present detailed example protocols tailored to trapped-ion experiments and demonstrate that our approach has the potential to enable multiqubit gate implementation with a significant reduction in technical complexity relative to previously demonstrated protocols.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hayes.2014,

title = {Programmable quantum simulation by dynamic Hamiltonian engineering},

author = {David Hayes and Steven T Flammia and Michael J Biercuk},

url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/16/8/083027},

doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/16/8/083027},

issn = {1367-2630},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {New Journal of Physics},

volume = {16},

number = {8},

pages = {083027},

abstract = {Quantum simulation is a promising near term application for quantum information processors with the potential to solve computationally intractable problems using just a few dozen interacting qubits. A range of experimental platforms have recently demonstrated the basic functionality of quantum simulation applied to quantum magnetism, quantum phase transitions and relativistic quantum mechanics. However, in all cases, the physics of the underlying hardware restricts the achievable inter-particle interactions and forms a serious constraint on the versatility of the simulators. To broaden the scope of these analog devices, we develop a suite of pulse sequences that permit a user to efficiently realize average Hamiltonians that are beyond the native interactions of the system. Specifically, this approach permits the generation of all symmetrically coupled translation-invariant two-body Hamiltonians with homogeneous on-site terms, a class which includes all spin- XYZ chains, but generalized to include long-range couplings. Our work builds on previous work proving that universal simulation is possible using both entangling gates and single-qubit unitaries. We show that determining the appropriate 'program' of unitary pulse sequences which implements an arbitrary Hamiltonian transformation can be formulated as a linear program over functions defined by those pulse sequences, running in polynomial time and scaling efficiently in hardware resources. Our analysis extends from circuit model quantum information to adiabatic quantum evolutions, representing an important and broad-based success in applying functional analysis to the field of quantum information.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lee.20149r9,

title = {Frequency stabilization of a 369 nm diode laser by nonlinear spectroscopy of Ytterbium ions in a discharge},

author = {Michael W Lee and Marie Claire Jarratt and Christian Marciniak and Michael J Biercuk},

url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-22-6-7210},

doi = {10.1364/oe.22.007210},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Optics Express},

volume = {22},

number = {6},

pages = {7210},

abstract = {We demonstrate stabilization of an ultraviolet diode laser via Doppler-free spectroscopy of Ytterbium ions in a discharge. Our technique employs polarization spectroscopy, which produces a natural dispersive lineshape whose zero-crossing is largely immune to environmental drifts, making this signal an ideal absolute frequency reference for Yb+ ion trapping experiments. We stabilize an external-cavity diode laser near 369 nm for cooling Yb+ ions, using amplitude modulated polarization spectroscopy and a commercial PID feedback system. We achieve stable, low-drift locking with a standard deviation of measured laser frequency ∼ 400 kHz over 10 minutes, limited by the instantaneous linewidth of the diode laser. These results and the simplicity of our optical setup makes our approach attractive for stabilization of laser sources in atomic physics applications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Soare.2014,

title = {Experimental noise filtering by quantum control},

author = {A Soare and H Ball and D Hayes and J Sastrawan and M C Jarratt and J J McLoughlin and X Zhen and T J Green and M J Biercuk},

url = {http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v10/n11/full/nphys3115.html},

doi = {10.1038/nphys3115},

issn = {1745-2473},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Nature Physics},

volume = {10},

number = {11},

pages = {825--829},

abstract = {Quantum technologies are extremely sensitive to environmental disturbance. Control techniques inspired by classical systems engineering allow selective filtering of the noise spectrum, suppressing time-varying noise over defined frequency bands. Extrinsic interference is routinely faced in systems engineering, and a common solution is to rely on a broad class of filtering techniques to afford stability to intrinsically unstable systems or isolate particular signals from a noisy background. Experimentalists leading the development of a new generation of quantum-enabled technologies similarly encounter time-varying noise in realistic laboratory settings. They face substantial challenges in either suppressing such noise for high-fidelity quantum operations1 or controllably exploiting it in quantum-enhanced sensing2,3,4 or system identification tasks 5,6, due to a lack of efficient, validated approaches to understanding and predicting quantum dynamics in the presence of realistic time-varying noise. In this work we use the theory of quantum control engineering7,8 and experiments with trapped 171Yb+ ions to study the dynamics of controlled quantum systems. Our results provide the first experimental validation of generalized filter-transfer functions casting arbitrary quantum control operations on qubits as noise spectral filters9,10. We demonstrate the utility of these constructs for directly predicting the evolution of a quantum state in a realistic noisy environment as well as for developing novel robust control and sensing protocols. These experiments provide a significant advance in our understanding of the physics underlying controlled quantum dynamics, and unlock new capabilities for the emerging field of quantum systems engineering.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Soare.2014de3,

title = {Experimental bath engineering for quantitative studies of quantum control},

author = {A Soare and H Ball and D Hayes and X Zhen and M C Jarratt and J Sastrawan and H Uys and M J Biercuk},

url = {http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.042329},

doi = {10.1103/physreva.89.042329},

issn = {1050-2947},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review A},

volume = {89},

number = {4},

pages = {042329},

abstract = {We develop and demonstrate a technique to engineer universal unitary baths in quantum systems. Using the correspondence between unitary decoherence due to ambient environmental noise and errors in a control system for quantum bits, we show how a wide variety of relevant classical error models may be realized through in-phase or in-quadrature modulation on a vector signal generator producing a resonant carrier signal. We demonstrate our approach through high-bandwidth modulation of the 12.6-GHz carrier appropriate for trapped Yb171+ ions. Experiments demonstrate the reduction of coherent lifetime in the system in the presence of both engineered dephasing noise during free evolution and engineered amplitude noise during driven operations. In both cases, the observed reduction of coherent lifetimes matches well with quantitative models described herein. These techniques form the basis of a toolkit for quantitative tests of quantum control protocols, helping experimentalists characterize the performance of their quantum coherent systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kabytayev.2014,

title = {Robustness of composite pulses to time-dependent control noise},

author = {Chingiz Kabytayev and Todd J Green and Kaveh Khodjasteh and Michael J Biercuk and Lorenza Viola and Kenneth R Brown},

url = {http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.90.012316},

doi = {10.1103/physreva.90.012316},

issn = {1050-2947},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review A},

volume = {90},

number = {1},

pages = {012316},

abstract = {We study the performance of composite pulses in the presence of time-varying control noise on a single qubit. These protocols, originally devised only to correct for static, systematic errors, are shown to be robust to time-dependent non-Markovian noise in the control field up to frequencies as high as ∼10% of the Rabi frequency. Our study combines a generalized filter-function approach with asymptotic dc-limit calculations to give a simple analytic framework for error analysis applied to a number of composite-pulse sequences relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance as well as quantum information experiments. Results include examination of recently introduced concatenated composite pulses and dynamically corrected gates, demonstrating equivalent first-order suppression of time-dependent fluctuations in amplitude and/or detuning, as appropriate for the sequence in question. Our analytic results agree well with numerical simulations for realistic 1/f noise spectra with a roll-off to 1/f2, providing independent validation of our theoretical insights.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{colless2014raman,

title = {Raman phonon emission in a driven double quantum dot},

author = {JI Colless and XG Croot and Thomas M Stace and Andrew C Doherty and Sean D Barrett and H Lu and AC Gossard and David J Reilly},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Nature communications},

volume = {5},

number = {1},

pages = {3716},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Green.2013,

title = {Arbitrary quantum control of qubits in the presence of universal noise},

author = {Todd J Green and Jarrah Sastrawan and Hermann Uys and Michael J Biercuk},

url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/15/9/095004/meta},

doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/15/9/095004},

issn = {1367-2630},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {New Journal of Physics},

volume = {15},

number = {9},

pages = {095004},

abstract = {We address the problem of deriving analytic expressions for calculating universal decoherence-induced errors in qubits undergoing arbitrary, unitary, time-dependent quantum control protocols. We show that the fidelity of a control operation may be expressed in terms of experimentally relevant spectral characteristics of the noise and of the control, over all Cartesian directions. We formulate control matrices in the time domain to capture the effects of piecewise-constant control, and convert them to generalized Fourier-domain filter functions. These generalized filter functions may be derived for complex temporally modulated control protocols, accounting for susceptibility to rotations of the qubit state vector in three dimensions. Taken together, we show that this framework provides a computationally efficient means to calculate the effects of universal noise on arbitrary quantum control protocols, producing results comparable with those obtained via time-consuming simulations of Bloch vector evolution. As a concrete example, we apply our method to treating the problem of dynamical decoupling incorporating realistic control pulses of arbitrary duration or form, including the replacement of simple π-pulses with complex dynamically corrected gates.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Medford.2013,

title = {Self-consistent measurement and state tomography of an exchange-only spin qubit},

author = {J Medford and J Beil and J M Taylor and S D Bartlett and A C Doherty and E I Rashba and D P DiVincenzo and H Lu and A C Gossard and C M Marcus},

url = {http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v8/n9/full/nnano.2013.168.html},

doi = {10.1038/nnano.2013.168},

issn = {1748-3387},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Nature Nanotechnology},

volume = {8},

number = {9},

pages = {654--659},

abstract = {Quantum-dot spin qubits characteristically use oscillating magnetic or electric fields, or quasi-static Zeeman field gradients, to realize full qubit control. For the case of three confined electrons, exchange interaction between two pairs allows qubit rotation around two axes, hence full control, using only electrostatic gates. Here, we report initialization, full control, and single-shot readout of a three-electron exchange-driven spin qubit. Control via the exchange interaction is fast, yielding a demonstrated 75 qubit rotations in less than 2 ns. Measurement and state tomography are performed using a maximum-likelihood estimator method, allowing decoherence, leakage out of the qubit state space, and measurement fidelity to be quantified. The methods developed here are generally applicable to systems with state leakage, noisy measurements and non-orthogonal control axes. Full control by electric gates can be accomplished in exchange-driven spin qubits.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stace2013dynamical,

title = {Dynamical steady states in driven quantum systems},

author = {Thomas M Stace and Andrew C Doherty and David J Reilly},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review Letters},

volume = {111},

number = {18},

pages = {180602},

publisher = {APS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{cano2013microwave,

title = {Microwave absorption by a mesoscopic quantum Hall droplet},

author = {Jennifer Cano and Andrew C Doherty and Chetan Nayak and David J Reilly},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Physical Review B},

volume = {88},

number = {16},

pages = {165305},

publisher = {APS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{reilly2013and,

title = {And then there were three},

author = {David J Reilly},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Nature Nanotechnology},

volume = {8},

number = {6},

pages = {395--396},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{colless2013stimulated,

title = {Stimulated Phonon Emission in a Driven Double Quantum Dot},

author = {JI Colless and XG Croot and TM Stace and AC Doherty and SD Barrett and H Lu and AC Gossard and DJ Reilly},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1305.5982},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{colless2013dispersive,

title = {Dispersive readout of a few-electron double quantum dot with fast rf gate sensors},

author = {JI Colless and AC Mahoney and JM Hornibrook and AC Doherty and H Lu and AC Gossard and DJ Reilly},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Physical review letters},

volume = {110},

number = {4},

pages = {046805},

publisher = {APS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}